H
E B R E W S
CHAP. V.
In
this chapter the apostle continues his discourse upon the priesthood of
Christ, a sweet subject, which he would not too soon dismiss. And here, I. He
explains the nature of the priestly office in general, ver. 1-3. II. The
proper and regular call there must be to this office, ver. 4-6. III. The
requisite qualifications for the work, ver. 7-9. IV. The peculiar order of the
priesthood of Christ; it was not after the order of Aaron, but of Melchisedec,
ver. 6, 7, 10. V. He reproves the Hebrews, that they had not made those
improvements in knowledge which might have made them capable of looking into
the more abstruse and mysterious parts of scripture, ver. 11-14.
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The
Priesthood of Christ.
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A. D. 62.
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1 For every high priest taken from among men is
ordained for men in things pertaining to God, that he may offer both
gifts and sacrifices for sins: 2 Who can have compassion on the
ignorant, and on them that are out of the way; for that he himself also is
compassed with infirmity. 3 And by reason hereof he ought, as for
the people, so also for himself, to offer for sins. 4 And no man
taketh this honour unto himself, but he that is called of God, as was
Aaron. 5 So also Christ glorified not himself to be made a high
priest; but he that said unto him, Thou art my Son, to day have I begotten
thee. 6 As he saith also in another place, Thou art
a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec. 7 Who in the
days of his flesh, when he had offered up prayers and supplications with
strong crying and tears unto him that was able to save him from death, and was
heard in that he feared; 8 Though he were a Son, yet learned he
obedience by the things which he suffered; 9 And being made
perfect, he became the author of eternal salvation unto all them that obey
him;
We have here an account of the nature of the priestly office in general,
though with an accommodation to the Lord Jesus Christ. We are told,
I. Of what kind of beings the high priest must be. He must be taken from among
men; he must be a man, one of ourselves, bone of our bones, flesh of our
flesh, and spirit of our spirits, a partaker of our nature, and a
standard-bearer among ten thousand. This implies, 1. That man had sinned. 2.
That God would not admit sinful man to come to him immediately and alone,
without a high priest, who must be taken from among men. 3. That God was
pleased to take one from among men, by whom they might approach God in hope,
and he might receive them with honour. 4. That every one shall now be welcome
to God that comes to him by this his priest.
II. For whom every high priest is ordained: For men in things pertaining to
God, for the glory of God and the good of men, that he might come between
God and man. So Christ did; and therefore let us never attempt to go to God
but through Christ, nor expect any favour from God but through Christ.
III. For what purpose every high priest was ordained: That he might offer
both gifts and sacrifices for sin.
1. That he might offer gifts or free-will offerings, brought to the high
priest, so offered for the glory of God, and as an acknowledgment that our all
is of him and from him; we have nothing but what he is pleased to give us, and
of his own we offer to him an oblation of acknowledgment. This intimates, (1.)
That all we bring to God must be free and not forced; it must be a gift; it
must be given and not taken away again. (2.) That all we bring to God must go
through the high priest's hands, as the great agent between God and man.
2. That he might offer sacrifices for sin; that is, the offerings that were
appointed to make atonement, that sin might be pardoned and sinners accepted.
Thus Christ is constituted a high priest for both these ends. Our good deeds
must be presented by Christ, to render ourselves and them acceptable; and our
evil deeds must be expiated by the sacrifice of himself, that they may not
condemn and destroy us. And now, as we value acceptance with God and pardon,
we must apply ourselves by faith to this our great high priest.
IV. How this high priest must be qualified, v. 2.
1. He must be one that can have compassion on two sorts of persons:-- (1.) On
the ignorant, or those that are guilty of sins of ignorance. He must be
one who can find in his heart to pity them, and intercede with God for them,
one that is willing to instruct those that are dull of understanding. (2.) On
those that are out of the way, out of the way of truth, duty, and
happiness; and he must be one who has tenderness enough to lead them back from
the by-paths of error, sin, and misery, into the right way: this will require
great patience and compassion, even the compassion of a God.
2. He must also be compassed with infirmity; and so be able from himself
feelingly to consider our frame, and to sympathize with us. Thus Christ was
qualified. He took upon him our sinless infirmities; and this gives us great
encouragement to apply ourselves to him under every affliction; for in all the
afflictions of his people he is afflicted.
V. How the high priest was to be called of God. He must have both an internal
and external call to his office: For no man taketh this honour to himself
(v. 4), that is, no man ought to do it, no man can do it legally; if
any does it, he must be reckoned a usurper, and treated accordingly. Here
observe, 1. The office of the priesthood was a very great honour. To be
employed to stand between God and man, one while representing God and his will
to men, at another time representing man and his case to God, and dealing
between them about matters of the highest importance--entrusted on both sides
with the honour of God and the happiness of man--must render the office very
honourable. 2. The priesthood is an office and honour that no man ought to
take to himself; if he does, he can expect no success in it, nor any reward
for it, only from himself. He is an intruder who is not called of God, as was
Aaron. Observe, (1.) God is the fountain of all honour, especially true
spiritual honour. He is the fountain of true authority, whether he calls any
to the priesthood in an extraordinary way, as he did Aaron, or in an ordinary
way, as he called his successors. (2.) Those only can expect assistance from
God, and acceptance with him, and his presence and blessing on them and their
administrations, that are called of God; others may expect a blast instead of
a blessing.
VI. How this is brought home and applied to Christ: So Christ glorified not
himself, v. 5. Observe here, Though Christ reckoned it his glory to
be made a high priest, yet he would not assume that glory to himself. He could
truly say, I seek not my own glory, John viii. 50. Considered as God,
he was not capable of any additional glory, but as man and Mediator he did not
run without being sent; and, if he did not, surely others should be afraid to
do it.
VII. The apostle prefers Christ before Aaron, both in the manner of his call
and in the holiness of his person. 1. In the manner of his call, in which God
said unto him, Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee (quoted
from Ps. ii. 7), referring to his eternal generation as God, his wonderful
conception as man, and his perfect qualification as Mediator. Thus God
solemnly declared his dear affection to Christ, his authoritative appointment
of him to the office of a Mediator, his instalment and approbation of him in
that office, his acceptance of him, and of all he had done or should do in the
discharge of it. Now God never said thus to Aaron. Another expression that God
used in the call of Christ we have in Ps. cx. 4, Thou art a priest for
ever, after the order of Melchisedec, v. 6. God the Father
appointed him a priest of a higher order than that of Aaron. The priesthood of
Aaron was to be but temporary; the priesthood of Christ was to be perpetual:
the priesthood of Aaron was to be successive, descending from the fathers to
the children; the priesthood of Christ, after the order of Melchisedec, was to
be personal, and the high priest immortal as to his office, without descent,
having neither beginning of days nor end of life, as it is more largely
described in the seventh chapter, and will be opened there. 2. Christ is here
preferred to Aaron in the holiness of his person. Other priests were to offer
up sacrifices, as for the sins of others, so for themselves, v.
3. But Christ needed not to offer for sins for himself, for he had done no
violence, neither was there any deceit in his mouth, Isa. liii. 9.
And such a high priest became us.
VIII. We have an account of Christ's discharge of this his office, and of the
consequences of that discharge, v. 7-9.
1. The discharge of his office of the priesthood (v. 7): Who in the
days of his flesh, when he had offered up prayers and supplications,
&c. Here observe, (1.) He took to him flesh, and for some days tabernacled
therein; he became a mortal man, and reckoned his life by days, herein setting
us an example how we should reckon ours. Were we to reckon our lives by days,
it would be a means to quicken us to do the work of every day in its day. (2.)
Christ, in the days of his flesh, subjected himself to death; he hungered, he
was a tempted, bleeding, dying Jesus! He body is now in heaven, but it is a
spiritual glorious body. (3.) God the Father was able to save him from death.
He could have prevented his dying, but he would not; for then the great design
of his wisdom and grace must have been defeated. What would have become of us
if God had saved Christ from dying? The Jews reproachfully said, Let him
deliver him now, if he will have him, Matt. xxvii. 43. But it was in
kindness to us that the Father would not suffer that bitter cup to pass away
from him; for then we must have drunk the dregs of it, and been miserable for
ever. (4.) Christ, in the days of his flesh, offered up prayers and
supplications to his Father, as an earnest of his intercession in heaven. A
great many instances we have of Christ's praying. This refers to his prayer in
his agony (Matt. xxvi. 39, and ch. xxvii. 46), and to that before his
agony (John xvii.) which he put up for his disciples, and all who should
believe on his name. (5.) The prayers and supplications that Christ offered up
were joined with strong cries and tears, herein setting us an example not only
to pray, but to be fervent and importunate in prayer. How many dry prayers,
how few wet ones, do we offer up to God! (6.) Christ was heard in that he
feared. How? Why he was answered by present supports in and under his agonies,
and in being carried well through death, and delivered from it by a glorious
resurrection: He was heard in that he feared. He had an awful sense of
the wrath of God, of the weight of sin. His human nature was ready to sink
under the heavy load, and would have sunk, had he been quite forsaken in point
of help and comfort from God; but he was heard in this, he was supported under
the agonies of death. He was carried through death; and there is no real
deliverance from death but to be carried well through it. We may have many
recoveries from sickness, but we are never saved from death till we are
carried well through it. And those that are thus saved from death will be
fully delivered at last by a glorious resurrection, of which the resurrection
of Christ was the earnest and first-fruits.
2. The consequences of this discharge of his office, v. 8, 9, &c.
(1.) By these his sufferings he learned obedience, though he was a Son,
v. 8. Here observe, [1.] The privilege of Christ: He was a Son;
the only-begotten of the Father. One would have thought this might have
exempted him from suffering, but it did not. Let none then who are the
children of God by adoption expect an absolute freedom from suffering. What
Son is he whom the Father chasteneth not? [2.] Christ made improvement by
his sufferings. By his passive obedience, he learned active obedience; that
is, he practiced that great lesson, and made it appear that he was well and
perfectly learned in it; though he never was disobedient, yet he never
performed such an act of obedience as when he became obedient to death, even
to the death of the cross. Here he has left us an example, that we should
learn by all our afflictions a humble obedience to the will of God. We need
affliction, to teach us submission.
(2.) By these his sufferings he was made perfect, and became the author of
eternal salvation to all who obey him, v. 9. [1.] Christ by his
sufferings was consecrated to his office, consecrated by his own blood. [2.]
By his sufferings he consummated that part of his office which was to be
performed on earth, making reconciliation for iniquity; and in this sense he
is said to be made perfect, a perfect propitiation. [3.] Hereby he has
become the author of eternal salvation to men; he has by his sufferings
purchased a full deliverance from sin and misery, and a full fruition of
holiness and happiness for his people. Of this salvation he has given notice
in the gospel; he has made a tender of it in the new covenant, and has sent
the Spirit to enable men to accept this salvation. [4.] This salvation is
actually bestowed on none but those who obey Christ. It is not sufficient that
we have some doctrinal knowledge of Christ, or that we make a profession of
faith in him, but we must hearken to his word, and obey him. He is exalted to
be a prince to rule us, as well as a Saviour to deliver us; and he will be a
Saviour to none but to those whom he is a prince, and who are willing that he
should reign over them; the rest he will account his enemies, and treat them
accordingly. But to those who obey him, devoting themselves to him, denying
themselves, and taking up their cross, and following him, he will be the
author, aitioV--the grand
cause of their salvation, and they shall own him as such for ever.
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The Priesthood of Christ.
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A. D. 62.
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10 Called of God a high priest after the order
of Melchisedec. 11 Of whom we have many things to say, and hard to
be uttered, seeing ye are dull of hearing. 12 For when for the
time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that one teach you again which be
the first principles of the oracles of God; and are become such as have need
of milk, and not of strong meat. 13 For every one that useth milk is
unskilful in the word of righteousness: for he is a babe. 14 But
strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age, even those who by
reason of use have their senses exercised to discern both good and evil.
Here the apostle returns to what he had in v. 6 cited out of Ps. cx.,
concerning the peculiar order of the priesthood of Christ, that is, the order
of Melchisedec. And here,
I. He declares he had many things which he could say to them concerning this
mysterious person called Melchisedec, whose priesthood was eternal, and
therefore the salvation procured thereby should be eternal also. We have a
more particular account of this Melchisedec in ch. vii.. Some think the
things which the apostle means, that were hard to be uttered, were not so much
concerning Melchisedec himself as concerning Christ, of whom Melchisedec was
the type. And doubtless this apostle had many things to say concerning Christ
that were very mysterious, hard to be uttered; there are great mysteries in
the person and offices of the Redeemer; Christianity is the great mystery of
godliness.
II. He assigns the reason why he did not say all those things concerning
Christ, our Melchisedec, that he had to say, and what it was that made it so
difficult for him to utter them, namely, the dulness of the Hebrews to whom he
wrote: You are dull of hearing. There is a difficulty in the things
themselves, and there may be a weakness in the ministers of the gospel to
speak clearly about these things; but generally the fault is in the hearers.
Dull hearers make the preaching of the gospel a difficult thing, and even many
who have some faith are but dull hearers, dull of understanding and slow to
believe; the understanding is weak, and does not apprehend these spiritual
things; the memory is weak, and does not retain them.
III. He insists upon the faultiness of this infirmity of theirs. It was not a
mere natural infirmity, but it was a sinful infirmity, and more in them than
others, by reason of the singular advantages they had enjoyed for improving in
the knowledge of Christ: For when, for the time, you ought to be teachers,
you have need that one teach you again which are the first principles of the
oracles of God, v. 12. Here observe,
1. What proficiency might have been reasonably expected from these
Hebrews--that they might have been so well instructed in the doctrine of the
gospel as to have been teachers of others. Hence learn, (1.) God takes notice
of the time and helps we have for gaining scripture-knowledge. (2.) From those
to whom much is given much is expected. (3.) Those who have a good
understanding in the gospel should be teachers of other, if not in a public,
yet in a private station. (4.) None should take upon them to be teachers of
others, but those who have made a good improvement in spiritual knowledge
themselves.
2. Observe the sad disappointment of those just expectations: You have need
that one should teach you again, &c. Here note, (1.) In the oracles of
God there are some first principles, plain to be understood and necessary to
be learned. (2.) There are also deep and sublime mysteries, which those should
search into who have learned the first principles, that so they may stand
complete in the whole will of God. (3.) Some persons, instead of going forward
in Christian knowledge, forget the very first principles that they had learned
long ago; and indeed those that are not improving under the means of grace
will be losing. (4.) It is a sin and shame for persons that are men for their
age and standing in the church to be children and babes in understanding.
IV. The apostle shows how the various doctrines of the gospel must be
dispensed to different persons. There are in the church babes and persons of
full age (v. 12-14), and there are in the gospel milk and strong meat.
Observe, 1. Those that are babes, unskillful in the word of righteousness,
must be fed with milk; they must be entertained with the plainest truths, and
these delivered in the plainest manner; there must be line upon line,
precept upon precept, here a little, and there a little, Isa. xxviii. 10.
Christ despises not his babes; he has provided suitable food for them. It is
good to be babes in Christ, but not always to continue in that childish state;
we should endeavour to pass the infant state; we should always remain in
malice children, but in understanding we should grow up to a manly maturity.
2. There is strong meat for those that are of full age, v. 14. The
deeper mysteries of religion belong to those that are of a higher class in the
school of Christ, who have learned the first principles and well improved
them; so that by reason of use they have their senses exercised to discern
both good and evil, duty and sin, truth and error. Observe, (1.) There have
been always in the Christian state children, young men, and fathers. (2.)
Every true Christian, having received a principle of spiritual life from God,
stands in need of nourishment to preserve that life. (3.) The word of God is
food and nourishment to the life of grace: As new-born babes desire the
sincere milk of the word that you may grow thereby. (4.) It is the wisdom
of ministers rightly to divide the word of truth, and to give to every one his
portion--milk to babes, and strong meat to those of full age. (5.) There are
spiritual senses as well as those that are natural. There is a spiritual eye,
a spiritual appetite, a spiritual taste; the soul has its sensations as well
as the body; these are much depraved and lost by sin, but they are recovered
by grace. (6.) It is by use and exercise that these senses are improved, made
more quick and strong to taste the sweetness of what is good and true, and the
bitterness of what is false and evil. Not only reason and faith, but spiritual
sense, will teach men to distinguish between what is pleasing and what is
provoking to God, between what is helpful and what is hurtful to our own
souls.
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