L
E V I T I C U S
CHAP. XIII.
The
next ceremonial uncleanness is that of the leprosy, concerning which the law
was very large and particular; we have the discovery of it in this chapter,
and the cleansing of the leper in the next. Scarcely any one thing in all the
levitical law takes up so much room as this. I. Rules are here given by which
the priest must judge whether the man had the leprosy or no, according as the
symptom was that appeared. 1. If it was a swelling, a scab, or a bright spot,
ver. 1-17. 2. If it was a bile, ver. 18-23. 3. If it was in inflammation, ver.
24-28. 4. If it was in the head or beard, ver. 29-37. 5. If it was a bright
spot, ver. 38, 39. 6. If it was in a bald head, ver. 40-44. II. Direction is
given how the leper must be disposed of, ver. 45, 46. III. Concerning the
leprosy in garments, ver. 47, &c.
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The
Law Concerning Leprosy.
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B.
C. 1490.
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1 And the LORD
spake unto Moses and Aaron, saying, 2 When a man shall have in the
skin of his flesh a rising, a scab, or bright spot, and it be in the skin of
his flesh like the plague of leprosy; then he shall be brought unto
Aaron the priest, or unto one of his sons the priests: 3 And the
priest shall look on the plague in the skin of the flesh: and when the
hair in the plague is turned white, and the plague in sight be deeper
than the skin of his flesh, it is a plague of leprosy: and the priest
shall look on him, and pronounce him unclean. 4 If the bright spot
be white in the skin of his flesh, and in sight be not deeper
than the skin, and the hair thereof be not turned white; then the priest shall
shut up him that hath the plague seven days: 5 And the
priest shall look on him the seventh day: and, behold, if the plague in
his sight be at a stay, and the plague spread not in the skin; then the
priest shall shut him up seven days more: 6 And the priest shall
look on him again the seventh day: and, behold, if the plague be
somewhat dark, and the plague spread not in the skin, the priest shall
pronounce him clean: it is but a scab: and he shall wash his clothes,
and be clean. 7 But if the scab spread much abroad in the skin,
after that he hath been seen of the priest for his cleansing, he shall be seen
of the priest again: 8 And if the priest see that, behold,
the scab spreadeth in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean:
it is a leprosy. 9 When the plague of leprosy is in a man,
then he shall be brought unto the priest; 10 And the priest shall
see him: and, behold, if the rising be white in the skin,
and it have turned the hair white, and there be quick raw flesh in the
rising; 11 It is an old leprosy in the skin of his flesh,
and the priest shall pronounce him unclean, and shall not shut him up: for he is
unclean. 12 And if a leprosy break out abroad in the skin, and the
leprosy cover all the skin of him that hath the plague from his head
even to his foot, wheresoever the priest looketh; 13 Then the
priest shall consider: and, behold, if the leprosy have covered all his
flesh, he shall pronounce him clean that hath the plague: it is
all turned white: he is clean. 14 But when raw flesh
appeareth in him, he shall be unclean. 15 And the priest shall see
the raw flesh, and pronounce him to be unclean: for the raw flesh is
unclean: it is a leprosy. 16 Or if the raw flesh turn
again, and be changed unto white, he shall come unto the priest;
17 And the priest shall see him: and, behold, if the plague be turned
into white; then the priest shall pronounce him clean that hath
the plague: he is clean.
I. Concerning the plague of leprosy we may observe in general, 1. That it was
rather an uncleanness than a disease; or, at least, so the law considered it,
and therefore employed not the physicians but the priests about it. Christ is
said to cleanse lepers, not to cure them. We do not read of any that died of
the leprosy, but it rather buried them alive, by rendering them unfit for
conversation with any but such as were infected like themselves. Yet there is
a tradition that Pharaoh, who sought to kill Moses, was the first that ever
was struck with this disease, and that he died of it. It is said to have begun
first in Egypt, whence it spread into Syria. It was very well known to Moses,
when he put his own hand into his bosom and took it out leprous. 2. That it
was a plague inflicted immediately by the hand of God, and came not from
natural causes, as other diseases; and therefore must be managed according to
a divine law. Miriam's leprosy, and Gehazi's, and king Uzziah's, were all the
punishments of particular sins: and, if generally it was so, no marvel there
was so much care taken to distinguish it from a common distemper, that none
might be looked upon as lying under this extraordinary token of divine
displeasure but those that really were so. 3. That it is a plague not now
known in the world; what is commonly called the leprosy is of a quite
different nature. This seems to have been reserved as a particular scourge for
the sinners of those times and places. The Jews retained the idolatrous
customs they had learnt in Egypt, and therefore God justly caused this with
some others of the diseases of Egypt to follow them. Yet we read of Naaman the
Syrian, who was a leper, 2 Kings v. 1. 4. That there were other breakings-out
in the body which did very much resemble the leprosy, but were not it, which
might make a man sore and loathsome and yet not ceremonially unclean. Justly
are our bodies called vile bodies, which have in them the seeds of so many
diseases, by which the lives of so many are made bitter to them. 5. That the
judgment of it was referred to the priests. Lepers were looked upon as
stigmatized by the justice of God, and therefore it was left to his servants
the priests, who might be presumed to know his mark best, to pronounce who
were lepers and who were not. All the Jews say, "Any priest, though
disabled by a blemish to attend the sanctuary, might be a judge of the
leprosy, provided the blemish were not in his eye. And he might" (they
say) "take a common person to assist him in the search, but the priest
only must pronounce the judgment." 6. That it was a figure of the moral
pollution of men's minds by sin, which is the leprosy of the soul, defiling to
the conscience, and from which Christ alone can cleanse us; for herein the
power of his grace infinitely transcends that of the legal priesthood, that
the priest could only convict the leper (for by the law is the knowledge of
sin), but Christ can cure the leper, he can take away sin. Lord, if thou
wilt, thou canst make me clean, which was more than the priests could do,
Matt. viii. 2. Some think that the leprosy signified, not so much sin in
general as a state of sin, by which men are separated from God (their spot not
being the spot of God's children), and scandalous sin, for which men are to be
shut out from the communion of the faithful. It is a work of great importance,
but of great difficulty, to judge of our spiritual state: we have all cause to
suspect ourselves, being conscious to ourselves of sores and spots, but
whether clean or unclean is the question. A man might have a scab (v.
6) and yet be clean: the best have their infirmities; but, as there were
certain marks by which to know that it was a leprosy, so there are characters
of such as are in the gall of bitterness, and the work of ministers is to
declare the judgment of leprosy and to assist those that suspect themselves in
the trial of their spiritual state, remitting or retaining sin. And hence the
keys of the kingdom of heaven are said to be given to them, because they are
to separate between the precious and the vile, and to judge who are fit as
clean to partake of the holy things and who as unclean must be debarred from
them.
II. Several rules are here laid down by which the judgment of the priest must
be governed. 1. If the sore was but skin-deep, it was to be hoped it
was not the leprosy, v. 4. But, if it was deeper than the
skin, the man must be pronounced unclean, v. 3. The infirmities
that consist with grace do not sink deep into the soul, but the mind
still serves the law of God, and the inward man delights in it,
Rom. vii. 22, 25. But if the matter be really worse than it shows, and the
inwards be infected, the case is dangerous. 2. If the sore be at a stay,
and do not spread, it is no leprosy, v. 4, 5. But if it spread
much abroad, and continue to do so after several inspections, the case is
bad, v. 7, 8. If men do not grow worse, but a stop be put to the course
of their sins and their corruptions be checked, it is to be hoped they will
grow better; but if sin get ground, and they become worse every day, they are
going downhill. 3. If there was proud raw flesh in the rising, the
priest needed not to wait any longer, it was certainly a leprosy, v.
10, 11. Nor is there any surer indication of the badness of a man's spiritual
state than the heart's rising in self-conceit, confidence in the flesh, and
resistance of the reproofs of the word and strivings of the Spirit. 4. If the
eruption, whatever it was, covered all the skin from head to foot, it
was no leprosy (v. 12, 13); for it was an evidence that the vitals were
sound and strong, and nature hereby helped itself, throwing out what was
burdensome and pernicious. There is hope in the small-pox when they come out
well: so if men freely confess their sins, and hide them not, there is no
danger comparable to theirs that cover their sins. Some gather this from it,
that there is more hope of the profane than of hypocrites. The publicans and
harlots went into the kingdom of heaven before scribes and Pharisees. In one
respect, the sudden breakings-out of passion, though bad enough, are not so
dangerous as malice concealed. Others gather this, that, if we judge
ourselves, we shall not be judged; if we see and own that there is no
health in us, no soundness in our flesh, by reason of sin, we shall find
grace in the eyes of the Lord. 5. The priest must take time in making his
judgment, and not give it rashly. If the matter looked suspicious, he must
shut up the patient seven days, and then seven days more, that his judgment
might be according to truth. This teaches all, both ministers and
people, not to be hasty in their censures, nor to judge any thing before
the time. If some men's sins go before unto judgment, the sins of
others follow after, and so men's good works; therefore let nothing be
done suddenly, 1 Tim. v. 22, 24, 25. 6. If the person suspected was
found to be clean, yet he must wash his clothes (v. 6), because
he had been under the suspicion, and there had been in him that which gave
ground for the suspicion. Even the prisoner that is acquitted must go down on
his knees. We have need to be washed in the blood of Christ from our spots,
though they be not leprosy-spots; for who can say, I am pure from sin?
though there are those who through grace are innocent from the great
transgression.
18 The flesh also, in
which, even in the skin thereof, was a boil, and is healed,
19 And in the place of the boil there be a white rising, or a bright spot,
white, and somewhat reddish, and it be showed to the priest; 20
And if, when the priest seeth it, behold, it be in sight lower than the
skin, and the hair thereof be turned white; the priest shall pronounce him
unclean: it is a plague of leprosy broken out of the boil.
21 But if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white hairs
therein, and if it be not lower than the skin, but be
somewhat dark; then the priest shall shut him up seven days: 22
And if it spread much abroad in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him
unclean: it is a plague. 23 But if the bright spot stay in
his place, and spread not, it is a burning boil; and the priest
shall pronounce him clean. 24 Or if there be any flesh, in
the skin whereof there is a hot burning, and the quick flesh
that burneth have a white bright spot, somewhat reddish, or white;
25 Then the priest shall look upon it: and, behold, if the hair in the
bright spot be turned white, and it be in sight deeper than the skin;
it is a leprosy broken out of the burning: wherefore the priest shall
pronounce him unclean: it is the plague of leprosy. 26 But
if the priest look on it, and, behold, there be no white hair in the
bright spot, and it be no lower than the other skin, but be
somewhat dark; then the priest shall shut him up seven days: 27
And the priest shall look upon him the seventh day: and if it be spread
much abroad in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is
the plague of leprosy. 28 And if the bright spot stay in his
place, and spread not in the skin, but it be somewhat dark; it is
a rising of the burning, and the priest shall pronounce him clean: for it is
an inflammation of the burning. 29 If a man or woman have a plague
upon the head or the beard; 30 Then the priest shall see the
plague: and, behold, if it be in sight deeper than the skin; and
there be in it a yellow thin hair; then the priest shall pronounce him
unclean: it is a dry scall, even a leprosy upon the head or
beard. 31 And if the priest look on the plague of the scall, and,
behold, it be not in sight deeper than the skin, and that there is
no black hair in it; then the priest shall shut up him that hath the
plague of the scall seven days: 32 And in the seventh day the
priest shall look on the plague: and, behold, if the scall spread not,
and there be in it no yellow hair, and the scall be not in sight deeper
than the skin; 33 He shall be shaven, but the scall shall he not
shave; and the priest shall shut up him that hath the scall seven days
more: 34 And in the seventh day the priest shall look on the
scall: and, behold, if the scall be not spread in the skin, nor be
in sight deeper than the skin; then the priest shall pronounce him clean: and
he shall wash his clothes, and be clean. 35 But if the scall
spread much in the skin after his cleansing; 36 Then the priest
shall look on him: and, behold, if the scall be spread in the skin, the priest
shall not seek for yellow hair; he is unclean. 37 But if
the scall be in his sight at a stay, and that there is black hair grown
up therein; the scall is healed, he is clean: and the priest shall
pronounce him clean.
The priest is here instructed what judgment to make if there was any
appearance of a leprosy, either, 1. In an old ulcer, or bile, that has been
healed, v. 18, &c. When old sores, that seemed to be cured, break
out again, it is to be feared there is a leprosy in them; such is the danger
of those who, having escaped the pollutions of the world, are again entangled
therein and overcome. Or, 2. In a burn by accident, for this seems to be
meant, v. 24, &c. The burning of strife and contention often proves
the occasion of the rising up and breaking out of that corruption which
witnesses to men's faces that they are unclean. 3. In a scall-head. And in
this commonly the judgment turned upon a very small matter. If the hair in the
scall was black, it was a sign of soundness; if yellow, it was an indication
of a leprosy, v. 30-37. The other rules in these cases are the same
with those mentioned before. In reading of these several sorts of ailments, it
will be good for us, 1. To lament the calamitous state of human life, which
lies exposed to so many grievances. What troops of diseases are we beset with
on every side! and they all entered by sin. 2. To give thanks to God if he has
never afflicted us with any of these sores: if the constitution is healthful,
and the body lively and easy, we are bound to glorify God with our bodies.
38 If a man also or a
woman have in the skin of their flesh bright spots, even white bright
spots; 39 Then the priest shall look: and, behold, if the
bright spots in the skin of their flesh be darkish white; it is
a freckled spot that groweth in the skin; he is clean.
40 And the man whose hair is fallen off his head, he is bald; yet is
he clean. 41 And he that hath his hair fallen off from the part of
his head toward his face, he is forehead bald: yet is he
clean. 42 And if there be in the bald head, or bald forehead, a
white reddish sore; it is a leprosy sprung up in his bald head, or his
bald forehead. 43 Then the priest shall look upon it: and, behold,
if the rising of the sore be white reddish in his bald head, or
in his bald forehead, as the leprosy appeareth in the skin of the flesh;
44 He is a leprous man, he is unclean: the priest shall pronounce him
utterly unclean; his plague is in his head. 45 And the
leper in whom the plague is, his clothes shall be rent, and his head
bare, and he shall put a covering upon his upper lip, and shall cry, Unclean,
unclean. 46 All the days wherein the plague shall be in him
he shall be defiled; he is unclean: he shall dwell alone; without the
camp shall his habitation be.
We have here,
I. Provisos that neither a freckled skin nor a bald head should
be mistaken for a leprosy, v. 38-41. Every deformity must not forthwith
be made a ceremonial defilement. Elisha was jeered for his bald head (2
Kings ii. 23); but it was the children of Bethel, that knew not the judgments
of their God, who turned it to his reproach.
II. A particular brand set upon the leprosy if at any time it did appear in a bald
head: The plague is in his head, he is utterly unclean, v. 44. If
the leprosy of sin have seized the head, if the judgment be corrupted, and
wicked principles which countenance and support wicked practices, be embraced,
it is an utter uncleanness, from which few are ever cleansed. Soundness
in the faith keeps the leprosy from the head, and saves conscience from being
shipwrecked.
III. Directions what must be done with the convicted leper. When the priest,
upon mature deliberation, had solemnly pronounced him unclean,
1. He must pronounce himself so, v. 45. He must put himself into the
posture of a mourner and cry, Unclean, unclean. The leprosy was not
itself a sin, but it was a sad token of God's displeasure and a sore
affliction to him that was under it. It was a reproach to his name, put a full
stop to his business in the world, cut him off from conversation with his
friends and relations, condemned him to banishment till he was cleansed, shut
him out from the sanctuary, and was, in effect, the ruin of all the comfort he
could have in this world. Heman, it would seem, either was a leper or alludes
to the melancholy condition of a leper, Ps. lxxxviii. 8, &c. He must
therefore, (1.) Humble himself under the mighty hand of God, not insisting
upon his cleanness when the priest had pronounced him unclean, but justifying
God and accepting the punishment of his iniquity. He must signify this
by rending his clothes, uncovering his head, and covering his upper
lip, all tokens of shame and confusion of face, and very significant of
that self-loathing and self-abasement which should fill the hearts of
penitents, the language of which is self-judging. Thus must we take to
ourselves the shame that belongs to us, and with broken hearts call ourselves
by our own name, Unclean, unclean--heart unclean, life unclean, unclean
by original corruption, unclean by actual transgression--unclean, and
therefore worthy to be for ever excluded from communion with God, and all hope
of happiness in him. We are all as an unclean thing (Isa. lxiv.
6)--unclean, and therefore undone, if infinite mercy do not interpose. (2.) He
must give warning to others to take heed of coming near him. Wherever he went,
he must cry to those he saw at a distance, "I am unclean, unclean,
take heed of touching me." Not that the leprosy was catching, but by the
touch of a leper ceremonial uncleanness was contracted. Every one therefore
was concerned to avoid it; and the leper himself must give notice of the
danger. And this was all that the law could do, in that it was weak through
the flesh; it taught the leper to cry, Unclean, unclean, but the gospel
has put another cry into the lepers' mouths, Luke xvii. 12, 13, where we find
ten lepers crying with a loud voice, Jesus, Master, have mercy on us.
The law only shows us our disease; the gospel shows us our help in Christ.
2. He must then be shut out of the camp, and afterwards, when they came to
Canaan, out of the city, town, or village, where he lived, and dwell alone
(v. 46), associating with none but those that were lepers like himself.
When king Uzziah became a leper, he was banished from his palace, and dwelt
in a separate house, 2 Chron. xxvi. 21. And see 2 Kings vii. 3. This
typified the purity which ought to be preserved in the gospel church, by the
solemn and authoritative exclusion of scandalous sinners, that hate to be
reformed, from the communion of the faithful. Put away from among
yourselves that wicked person, 1 Cor. v. 13.
47 The garment also that
the plague of leprosy is in, whether it be a woollen garment, or a
linen garment; 48 Whether it be in the warp, or woof; of
linen, or of woollen; whether in a skin, or in any thing made of skin;
49 And if the plague be greenish or reddish in the garment, or in the skin,
either in the warp, or in the woof, or in any thing of skin; it is a
plague of leprosy, and shall be showed unto the priest: 50 And the
priest shall look upon the plague, and shut up it that hath the plague
seven days: 51 And he shall look on the plague on the seventh day:
if the plague be spread in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or
in a skin, or in any work that is made of skin; the plague is a
fretting leprosy; it is unclean. 52 He shall therefore burn
that garment, whether warp or woof, in woollen or in linen, or any thing of
skin, wherein the plague is: for it is a fretting leprosy; it shall be
burnt in the fire. 53 And if the priest shall look, and, behold,
the plague be not spread in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof,
or in any thing of skin; 54 Then the priest shall command that
they wash the thing wherein the plague is, and he shall shut it
up seven days more: 55 And the priest shall look on the plague,
after that it is washed: and, behold, if the plague have not changed
his colour, and the plague be not spread; it is unclean; thou shalt
burn it in the fire; it is fret inward, whether it be
bare within or without. 56 And if the priest look, and, behold,
the plague be somewhat dark after the washing of it; then he shall rend
it out of the garment, or out of the skin, or out of the warp, or out of the
woof: 57 And if it appear still in the garment, either in the
warp, or in the woof, or in any thing of skin; it is a spreading plague:
thou shalt burn that wherein the plague is with fire. 58
And the garment, either warp, or woof, or whatsoever thing of skin it be,
which thou shalt wash, if the plague be departed from them, then it shall be
washed the second time, and shall be clean. 59 This is the
law of the plague of leprosy in a garment of woollen or linen, either in the
warp, or woof, or any thing of skins, to pronounce it clean, or to pronounce
it unclean.
This is the law concerning the plague of leprosy in a garment, whether linen
or woollen. A leprosy in a garment, with discernible indications of it, the
colour changed by it, the garment fretted, the nap worn off, and this in some
one particular part of the garment, and increasing when it was shut up, and
not to be got out by washing is a thing which to us now is altogether
unaccountable. The learned confess that it was a sign and a miracle in Israel,
an extraordinary punishment inflicted by the divine power, as a token of great
displeasure against a person or family. 1. The process was much the same with
that concerning a leprous person. The garment suspected to be tainted was not
to be burnt immediately, though, it may be, there would have been no great
loss of it; for in no case must sentence be given merely upon a surmise, but
it must be shown to the priest. If, upon search, it was found that
there was a leprous spot (the Jews say no bigger than a bean), it must
be burnt, or at least that part of the garment in which the spot was, v.
52, 57. If the cause of the suspicion was gone, it must be washed, and
then might be used, v. 58. 2. The signification also was much the same,
to intimate the great malignity there is in sin: it not only defiles the
sinner's conscience, but it brings a stain upon all his employments and
enjoyments, all he has and all he does. To those that are defiled and
unbelieving is nothing pure, Tit. i. 15. And we are taught hereby to hate
even the garments spotted with the flesh, Jude 23. Those that make
their clothes servants to their pride and lust may see them thereby tainted
with a leprosy, and doomed to the fire, Isa. iii. 18-24. But the ornament of the
hidden man of the heart is incorruptible, 1 Pet. iii. 4. The robes of
righteousness never fret nor are moth-eaten.
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